Basavaraju, and Carolyn V. Soto, E. McDonald, J. Velez, J. Laven, A. Panella, J. Staples, C. Annambhotla, S. Neuronal necrosis and neuronophagia were also prominent features.
West Nile virus antigen was demonstrated in the brain, spleen, heart or kidney in 10 of 13 gray squirrels and 3 of 3 fox squirrels by immunohistochemistry. Viral levels were quantified in various tissues of selected gray squirrels, and titers were highest in spleen and brain, with no virus detected in serum. Detection of West Nile virus in oral and cloacal swabs collected from bird carcasses. PubMed Google Scholar.
Clinical anatomy. Clinical avian medicine and surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co. Docherty D , Slota P. Use of Muscovy duck embryo fibroblasts for the isolation of viruses from wild birds.
J Tissue Cult Methods. DOI Google Scholar. J Clin Microbiol. Diagnostic procedures for viral, rickettsial, and chlamydial infections; 7th ed. Washington: American Public Health Association; Investigation of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis IV: susceptibility and transmission studies with virus of pheasant origin.
Am J Hyg. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of avian leucosis virus subgroup J in feather pulp. Avian Dis. High virus titer in feather pulp of chickens infected with subgroup J avian leucosis virus. Direct non-vector transmission of West Nile virus in geese. Avian Pathol. Pyle P. Identification guide to North American birds. Articles by Country Search — Search articles by the topic country. Article Type Search — Search articles by article type and issue.
Please use the form below to submit correspondence to the authors or contact them at the following address: Douglas Docherty, National Wildlife Health Center, Schroeder Rd.
Scanned images are of West Nile virus isolated from brain tissue from an infected crow The tissue was cultured in a Vero cell for a 3-day incubation period. Phylogeny The most current phylogenetic studies based upon sequences of entire or partial genome sequences indicate five lineages of WNV [ 28 ]. Epidemiology WNV is maintained in nature in a cycle between birds and mosquitoes Figure 3. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Distribution of WNV Countries with historic or recent present WNV activity isolations from mosquitoes, birds, horses or humans are highlighted in red and blue, respectively.
Figure 6. Year No. Pathogenesis Understanding the full range of WNV pathogenesis in humans has been difficult, mainly due to the difference in virulence between WNV strains, the high prevalence of asymptomatic or sub-clinical infections, and the relative infrequency of laboratory-confirmed human infections. Diagnosis Diagnosis of WNV infection depends on a number of factors, including environmental conditions, behaviors, and clinical symptoms. Figure 7. Radiographic and neuropathologic findings in West Nile virus encephalitis A Coronal fluid-attenuated inversion recovery FLAIR magnetic resonance image shows an area of abnormally increased signal in the thalami, substantia nigra extending superiorly toward the subthalamic nuclei and white matter.
Differential diagnosis A number of diseases manifest as symptoms similar to West Nile virus, including the encephalitides viruses such as JEV and Murray Valley encephalitis virus and bacterial meningitis. Treatment and long-term outcomes Currently, patients infected with WNV have limited treatment options. Immunity Both the innate and adaptive immune responses mounted against WNV are critically important for controlling infection.
Vaccination Although no FDA-approved vaccine exists for human use, there are effective, licensed vaccines for the treatment of horses. Summary In summary, WNV infection is a serious threat to public health, especially to the immunocompromised and elderly.
Footnotes Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. Contributor Information Shannan L. References 1. Gould EA, Solomon T. Pathogenic flaviviruses. Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication.
In: Knipe HP, editor. Fields Virology. Schlesinger JJ. Flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1: complementary surprises. Leung JY, et al. Role of nonstructural protein NS2A in flavivirus assembly. J Virol. Mackenzie JM, et al. Egloff MP, et al. Embo J. Speight G, et al. J Gen Virol. Evans JD, Seeger C. Differential effects of mutations in NS4B on West Nile virus replication and inhibition of interferon signaling.
Liu WJ, et al. Munoz-Jordan JL, et al. Inhibition of interferon signaling by dengue virus. Interaction of West Nile virus with alpha v beta 3 integrin mediates virus entry into cells. J Biol Chem. Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway.
Medigeshi GR, et al. West Nile virus entry requires cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains and is independent of alphavbeta3 integrin. Modis Y, et al. Structure of the dengue virus envelope protein after membrane fusion. A structural perspective of the flavivirus life cycle.
Nat Rev Microbiol. Assembly and maturation of the flavivirus Kunjin virus appear to occur in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and along the secretory pathway, respectively. Replication of flaviviruses: separation of membrane translation sites of Kunjin virus proteins and of cell proteins. Replication and gene function in Kunjin virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. Westaway EG, et al. Ng ML, et al.
Immunofluorescent sites in vero cells infected with the flavivirus Kunjin. Arch Virol. Bartenschlager R, Miller S. Molecular aspects of Dengue virus replication. Future Microbiol. Welsch S, et al. Composition and three-dimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly sites.
Cell Host Microbe. Miyanari Y, et al. The lipid droplet is an important organelle for hepatitis C virus production. Nat Cell Biol. Hepatitis C virus non-structural proteins in the probable membranous compartment function in viral genome replication. Bondre VP, et al. West Nile virus isolates from India: evidence for a distinct genetic lineage. Intrauterine West Nile virus infection--New York, From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Intrauterine West Nile virus: ocular and systemic findings. Am J Ophthalmol. Transmission of West Nile virus through human breast milk seems to be rare. Birth outcomes following West Nile Virus infection of pregnant women in the United States: West Nile virus: a primer for the clinician. Ann Intern Med. Iwamoto M, et al. Transmission of West Nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med. Estimated risk of transmission of the West Nile virus through blood transfusion in the US, Detection of West Nile virus in blood donations--United States, A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda.
Murgue B, et al. West Nile in the Mediterranean basin: Ann N Y Acad Sci. Hayes CG. Bin H, et al. West Nile fever in Israel from geese to humans. Platonov AE, et al. Emerg Infect Dis. Tsai TF, et al. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lanciotti RS, et al. Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States.
Mostashari F, et al. Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey. Brilla R, et al. Clinical and neuroradiologic features of 39 consecutive cases of West Nile Virus meningoencephalitis. J Neurol Sci. Virology, pathology, and clinical manifestations of West Nile virus disease.
West Nile virus encephalitis.
0コメント